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Raksha Bandhan 2024 traditionally celebrated by Hindus, Raksha Bandhan is a festival in which a sister ties a thread called Rakhi around her brother's waist; this symbolizes love and protection.
Raksha Bandhan observed it on the last day of the Hindu calendar month of Shravana, which literally means "bond of protection, obligation, or care.".
Raksha Bandhan is rooted in the practice of territorial or village exogamy, in which a bride marries out of her town and her parents, by custom, do not visit her in her married home. It is on Raksha Bandhan that married women go back to their parents home for the ceremony.
Raksha Bandhan
Raksha Bandhan , also is a popular, traditionally Hindu, annual rite, or ceremony, which is central to a festival of the same name, celebrated in South Asia, and among people around the world influenced by Hindu culture. On this day, sisters of all ages tie a talisman, or amulet, called the rakhi, around the wrists of their brothers, symbolically protecting them, receiving a gift in return, and traditionally investing the brothers with a share of the responsibility of their potential care.
Raksha Bandhan is observed on the last day of the Hindu lunar calendar month of Shraavana, which typically falls in August. The expression "Raksha Bandhan," Sanskrit, literally, "the bond of protection, obligation, or care," is now principally applied to this ritual. Until the mid-20th-century, the expression was more commonly applied to a similar ritual, also held on the same day, with precedence in ancient Hindu texts, in which a domestic priest ties amulets, charms, or threads on the wrists of his patrons, or changes their sacred thread, and receives gifts of money; in some places, this is still the case. In contrast, the sister-brother festival, with origins in folk culture, had names which varied with location, with some rendered as Saluno, Silono, and Rakri. A ritual associated with Saluno included the sisters placing shoots of barley behind the ears of their brothers.
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Of exceptional importance to wedded ladies, Raksha Bandhan is established in the act of regional or town exogamy, in which a lady of the hour weds out of her natal town or town, and her folks, by custom, don't visit her in her wedded home. In rustic north India, where town exogamy is unequivocally common, enormous quantities of hitched Hindu ladies go back to their folks' homes consistently for the function. Their siblings, who regularly live with the guardians or close by, in some cases travel to their sisters' hitched home to accompany them back. Numerous more youthful wedded ladies show up half a month sooner at their natal homes and remain until the function. The siblings act as deep rooted middle people between their sisters' hitched and parental homes, as well as expected stewards of their security.
In metropolitan India, where families are progressively atomic, the celebration has become more representative, however keeps on being profoundly well known. The customs related with this celebration have spread past their customary locales and have been changed through innovation and relocation, the films, social communication, and advancement by politicized Hinduism, as well as by the country state.
Among ladies and men who are not close family members, there is likewise a changed through innovation and movement, the motion pictures social collaboration, and advancement by politicized Hinduism, as well as by the country state.
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Among women and men who are not blood relatives, there is also a transformed tradition of voluntary kin relations, achieved through the tying of rakhi amulets, which have cut across caste and class lines, and Hindu and Muslim divisions. In some communities or contexts, other figures, such as a matriarch, or a person in authority, can be included in the ceremony in ritual acknowledgement of their benefaction.
d through technology and migration, the movies, social interaction, and promotion by politicized Hinduism, as well as by the nation state.
Among women and men who are not blood relatives, there is also a transformed tradition of voluntary kin relations, achieved through the tying of rakhi amulets, which have cut across caste and class lines and Hindu and Muslim divisions. In some communities or contexts, other figures, such as a matriarch, or a person in authority, can be included in the ceremony in ritual acknowledgement of their benefaction.
Etymology, meaning, and usage
Third Edition, 2008, the Hindi word, rākhī derives from the Sanskrit rakṣikā, a join: rakṣā protection, amulet
- 1829 The first attested use in the English language dates to 1829, in James Tod's, Ann. & Antiq. Rajasthan I. "The festival of the bracelet (Rakhi) is in Spring ... The Rajpoot dame bestows with the Rakhi the title of adopted brother; and while its acceptance secures to her all the protection of a ‘cavaliere servente’, scandal itself never suggests any other tie to his devotion.
- 1857, : the full moon in Sawan at which time the ornament called rakhi is tied around the wrist.
- 1884, . A piece of thread or silk bound round the wrist on the festival of Salūno or the full moon of Sāvan, either as an amulet and preservative against misfortune, or as a symbol of mutual dependence, or as a mark of respect; the festival on which such a thread is tied—rākhī-bandhan, . The festival called rākhī.
- 1899 Monier-Williams: A Sanskrit–English dictionary Rakshā: "a sort of bracelet or amulet,any mysterious token used as a charm, ... a piece of thread or silk bound round the wrist on partic occasions (esp. on the full moon of Śrāvaņa, either as an amulet and preservative against misfortune, or as a symbol of mutual dependence, or as a mark of respect".
- 1990, Jack Goody "The ceremony itself involves the visit of women to their brothers ... on a specific day of the year when they tie a gaudy decoration on the right wrists of their brothers, which is at once "a defence against misfortune, a symbol of dependence, and a mark of respect."
Traditional regions of observance
Scholars who have written about the ritual, have usually described the traditional region of its observance as north India; however, also included are: central India, western India and Nepal, as well other regions of India, and overseas Hindu communities such as in Fiji. Anthropologist Jack Goody, whose field study was conducted in Nandol, in Gujarat, describes Raksha bandhan as an "annual ceremony ... of northern and western India." Anthropologist Michael Jackson, writes, "While traditional North Indian families do not have a Father's or Mother's Day, or even the equivalent of Valentine's Day, there is a Sister's Day, called Raksha Bandhan, Religious scholar J. Gordon Melton describes it as "primarily a North Indian festival. Leona M. Anderson and Pamela D. Young describe it as "one of the most popular festivals of North India. Anthropologist David G. Mandelbaum has described it as "an annual rite observed in northern and western India. Other descriptions of primary regions are of development economist Bina Agarwal ("In Northern India and Nepal this is ritualized in festivals such as raksha-bandhan., scholar and activist Ruth Vanita ("a festival widely celebrated in north India., anthropologist James D. Faubion ("In north India this brother-sister relationship is formalized in the ceremony of 'Raksha bandhan., and social scientist Prem Chowdhary ("... in the noticeable revival of the Raksha Bandhan festival and the renewed sanctity it has claimed in North India
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Evolution of Raksha Bandhan: the great and little traditios
Norwegian anthropologist, Øyvind Jaer, who did his fieldwork in eastern UP in the 1990s noted that the "great tradition" festival was in retreat and the "little tradition" one, involving sisters and brothers, now more important.
Social scientist Yogendra Singh has noticed the commitment of American anthropologist McKim Marriott, to a comprehension of the starting points of the Raksha Bandhan celebration In country society, as per Marriott, there is consistent transaction between two social practices, the world class or "extraordinary," custom situated in texts, like the Vedas in Indian culture, and the neighborhood or "little," situated in people workmanship and writing. As per Singh, (Marriott) has shown that Raksha Bandhan celebration has its "starting point in the 'little practice'." Anthropologist Onkar Prasad has additionally recommended that Marriott was quick to think about the restrictions inside which every town custom "works to hold its pith."
In his town study, Marriott depicted two simultaneously noticed customs on the full moon day of Shravana: a "little practice" celebration called "Saluno," and a "extraordinary practice" celebration, Raksha Bandhan, however which Marriott calls, "Appeal Tying:"
On Saluno day, many spouses show up at their wives' towns, prepared to steal them away again to their towns of marriage. In any case, prior to going off with their spouses, the wives as well as their unmarried town sisters express their anxiety for and dedication to their siblings by putting youthful shoots of grain, the locally sacrosanct grain, on the heads and ears of their siblings. (The siblings) respond with little coins. Around the same time, alongside the services of Saluno, and as per the scholarly point of reference of the Bhavisyottara Purana, ... the services of Appeal Tying (Rakhi Bandhan or Raksha Bandhan) are additionally held. The Brahman homegrown clerics of Kishan Garhi go to every benefactor and tie upon his wrist an appeal as a polychrome string, bearing tuft "plums." Every minister expresses a vernacular gift and is compensated by his supporter with cash, ... The functions of both now exist next to each other, as though they were two closures of a course of essential change."
Precedence in Hindu texts
Important in the Great Tradition is of the Uttara Parva of the Bhavishya Purana, in which Lord Krishna describes to Yudhishthira the ritual of having a raksha (protection) tied to his right wrist by the royal priest (the rajpurohit) on the purnima (full moon day) of the Hindu lunar calendar month of Shravana). in the crucial passage, Lord Krishna says,
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Important in the Great Tradition is chapter 137 of the Uttara Parva of the Bhavishya Purana, in which Lord Krishna describes to Yudhishthira the ritual of having a raksha (protection) tied to his right wrist by the royal priest (the rajpurohit) on the purnima (full moon day) of the Hindu lunar calendar month of Shravana). In the crucial passage, Lord Krishna says,
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"Parth (applied to any of the three sons of Kunti (also, Pritha), in particular, Yudhishthira): When the sky is covered with clouds, and the earth dark with new, tender, grass, in that very Shravana month's full moon day, at the time of sunrise, according to remembered convention, a Brahmin should take a bath with perfectly pure water. He should also according to his ability, offer libations of water to the gods, to the paternal ancestors, as prescribed by the Vedas for the task required to be accomplished before the study of the Vedas, to the sages, and as directed by the gods carry out and bring to a satisfactory conclusion the shradh ceremony to honor the deceased. It is commended that a Shudra should also make a charitable offering, and take a bath accompanied by the mantras. That very day, in the early afternoon (between noon and 3 PM) it is commended that a small parcel (bundle or packet) be prepared from a new cotton or silk cloth and adorned with whole grains of rice or barley, small mustard seeds, and red ocher powder, and made exceedingly wondrous, be placed in a suitable dish or receptacle. ... the purohit should bind this packet on the king's wrist with the words,'I am binding raksha (protection) to you with the same true words with which I bound Mahabali King of the Asuras. Always stay firm in resolve.' In the same manner as the king, after offering prayers to the Brahmins, the Brahmins, Kshatriyas, Vaishyas and Shudras should conclude their Raksha Bandhan ceremony."
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Voluntary kin relations
Among women and men who are not blood relatives, there is also a transformed tradition of voluntary kin relations, achieved through the tying of rakhi amulets, which have cut across caste and class lines,and Hindu and Muslim divisions. In some communities or contexts, other figures, such as a matriarch, or a person in authority, can be included in the ceremony in ritual acknowledgement of their benefaction. According to author Prem Chowdhry, "The same symbolic protection is also requested from the high caste men by the low caste women in a work relationship situation. The ritual thread is offered, though not tied and higher caste men customarily give some money in return."
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Regional variations in ritual
While Raksha Bandhan is celebrated in various parts of South Asia, different regions mark the day in different ways.
In the state of West Bengal, this day is also called Jhulan Purnima. Prayers and puja of Lord Krishna and Radha are performed there. Sisters tie rakhi to brothers and wish immortality. Political parties, offices, friends, schools to colleges, street to palace celebrate this day with a new hope for a good relationship.
In Maharashtra, among the Koli community, the festival of Raksha Bandhan/Rakhi Pournima is celebrated along with Narali Pournima (coconut day festival). Kolis are the fishermen community of the coastal state. The fishermen offer prayers to Lord Varuna, the Hindu god of Sea, to invoke his blessings. As part of the rituals, coconuts were thrown into the sea as offerings to Lord Varuna. The girls and women tie rakhi on their brother's wrist, as elsewhere.
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In the regions of North India, mostly Jammu, it is a common practice to fly kites on the nearby occasions of Janamashtami and Raksha Bandhan. It's not unusual to see the sky filled with kites of all shapes and sizes, on and around these two dates. The locals buy kilometres of strong kite string, commonly called as "gattu door" in the local language, along with a multitude of kites.
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In Haryana, in addition to celebrating Raksha Bandhan, people observe the festival of Salono. Salono is celebrated by priests solemnly tying amulets against evil on people's wrists. As elsewhere, sisters tie threads on brothers with prayers for their well being, and the brothers give her gifts promising to safeguard her.
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In Nepal, Raksha Bandhan is referred to as Janai Purnima or Rishitarpani, and involves a sacred thread ceremony. It is observed by both Hindus and Buddhists of Nepal. The Hindu men change the thread they wear around their chests (janai), while in some parts of Nepal girls and women tie rakhi on their brother's wrists. The Raksha Bandhan-like brother sister festival is observed by other Hindus of Nepal during one of the days of the Tihar (or Diwali) festival.
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The festival is observed by the Shaiva Hindus, and is popularly known in Newar community as Gunhu Punhi.
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